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The current system for prescribing antiretroviral therapy puts HIV-infected patients at risk of serious drug-drug interactions: is now the time for a paradigm shift in HIV care delivery?

GG Whitlock, A Patel, SG Edwards, PD Benn and RF Miller
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-300
Clin Med June 2012
GG Whitlock
Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Camden Provider Services PCT, The Mortimer Market Centre, London, UK
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A Patel
Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Camden Provider Services PCT, The Mortimer Market Centre, London, UK
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SG Edwards
Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Camden Provider Services PCT, The Mortimer Market Centre, London, UK
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PD Benn
Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Camden Provider Services PCT, The Mortimer Market Centre, London, UK
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RF Miller
Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, UK
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Introduction

The UK Health Protection Agency estimates that by 2012 there will be over 100,000 persons living with HIV,1 with one in five being over 50 years of age.2 At present approximately 80% of patients receiving care in the UK are prescribed antiretroviral medication, which is currently dispensed from HIV services.2 All other medication is ordinarily prescribed by the patients’ GP. Co-morbidities are increasingly recognised among this ageing HIV cohort and approximately one in six medications prescribed in primary care for HIV-positive individuals has the potential for major drug–drug interactions with antiretroviral medication, primarily mediated via cytochrome P450 metabolism.3 For example, simvastatin co-administered with ritonavir can result in markedly increased concentrations of simvastatin, predisposing patients to myopathies and rhabdomyolysis.4,5 It is essential that there is good communication between all prescribers in order to prevent avoidable morbidity and mortality.

We report two HIV-positive individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy who were inadvertently prescribed by their primary care physician additional medication known to have significant life-threatening drug–drug interactions.

Case 1

A 34-year-old man complained of chronic cough. Following an outpatient ear, nose and throat review, a letter was sent to his GP recommending a fluticasone nasal spray. No copy of the letter was sent to the HIV physician. The patient had been HIV-positive for 10 years and was receiving anti-retroviral therapy (lopinavir/ritonavir); CD4 count was 670 (normal >270 × 106 cells/l) and plasma HIV viral load was undetectable. At routine outpatient review by the HIV physician, the patient disclosed that he had started using a fluticasone nasal spray eight days previously. He was advised to stop it immediately due to the risk of developing Cushing's syndrome. The HIV physician contacted the GP, alerting them to the interaction between fluticasone and protease inhibitors. A beclomethasone nasal spray was subsequently prescribed.

Case 2

A 42-year-old man, who was known to have HIV infection for five years, was admitted to hospital with sudden onset visual disturbance, dysarthria and headache. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an acute infarction of the right middle cerebral artery. At this time, the CD4 count was 670 × 106 cells/l with an undetectable plasma viral load. His HIV medication included fosamprenavir/ritonavir, tenofovir and emtricitabine. Pravastatin was also prescribed by the HIV clinic for antiretroviral-therapy-induced hypercholesterolaemia. During hospitalisation, he was found to have diabetes mellitus and commenced gliclazide in addition to aspirin and clopidogrel. A discharge summary was sent to the GP but not the HIV clinic. At routine outpatient review six months later, the HIV physician discovered that the patient's GP had changed lipid-lowering medication from pravastatin to simvastatin following discharge. The patient had no clinical or biochemical evidence of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis. The HIV physician contacted the GP alerting them to the interaction between simvastatin and protease inhibitors. Atorvastatin was subsequently prescribed.

Discussion

These cases highlight that HIV patients are being put at risk of serious drug errors due to prescribing of medication with important drug–drug interactions by different physicians in different locations. It is common practice for HIV clinics to write to GPs with details of prescribed medication but is not standard practice for GPs or other services to routinely write to HIV services. Our standard letter also contains a ‘footer’ highlighting that drug–drug interactions are common. In view of the concern of prescribing errors, we introduced a policy of requesting a faxed summary of medication from primary care within the standard letter and subsequently reviewed the impact of this policy. Between 3 September and 15 November 2010, we requested prescribing data from GPs for 99 consecutive HIV-infected patients attending a large HIV outpatient clinic in North Central London. An amalgamated list of medications prescribed for each patient by primary care and the HIV service was examined for potential drug–drug interactions. Fifty-six GPs provided prescribing data. The medication lists from GPs and the HIV service were identical in three cases. No patients had life-threatening drug–drug interactions. However, 33 had potentially significant drug–drug interactions and, for almost all, the HIV service was not aware the patient was being prescribed the implicated drug.

Our findings demonstrate that there is a lack of documented awareness of drugs prescribed in each service, which is responsible for regular dispensing of medication, despite efforts to improve communication. It is essential that the patients and all clinicians involved in their care are aware of the potential for drug–drug interactions and ensure that up-to-date prescribing information is shared. However, even if this happens, our highlighted cases demonstrate that inadvertent changes to prescribing may occur in between visits to the HIV service by physicians who may be unfamiliar with the complex drug interactions of HIV therapy. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society has recently published guidance due to concerns of poor communication of prescribing information between healthcare providers.6 This raises the question as to whether all medication (including HIV drugs) should be prescribed via primary care, thus providing a single site for all prescribing. While this would reduce inadvertent prescribing errors due to communication problems, this model of care is, to date, untested in the UK.

Since the start of the HIV epidemic patients have been cared for in specialist services. However, due to the success of antiretroviral therapy, HIV is now considered a long term condition, of which the majority are conditions in which care is delivered in the community. The British HIV Association have recently developed a position statement on greater engagement with primary care that highlights many of the complex issues that would need addressing to facilitate a change in the model of care.7

However, while HIV services continue to prescribe HIV medication, greater awareness is needed of prescribing between specialist services and primary care. We recommend that details of drugs prescribed elsewhere are recorded and updated on the primary care prescribing database to avoid untoward prescribing errors.

Footnotes

  • Letters not directly related to articles published in Clinical Medicine and presenting unpublished original data should be submitted for publication in this section. Clinical and scientific letters should not exceed 500 words and may include one table and up to five references.

  • © 2012 Royal College of Physicians

References

  1. ↵
    1. Health Protection Agency
    30 years on: people living with HIV in the UK about to reach 100,000. www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2011/news2211.htm [Accessed 31 July 2011].
  2. ↵
    1. Health Protection Agency
    Numbers accessing care: national overview. www.hpa.org.uk/web/Aweb&HPAwebStandard/PAweb_C/1203064766492 [Accessed 31 July 2011].
  3. ↵
    1. Evans HE,
    2. Tsourapas A,
    3. Mercer CH,
    4. et al
    . Primary care consultation and costs among HIV-positive individuals in UK primary care 1995–2005: a cohort study. Sex Transm Inf 2009;85:543–9doi:10.1136/sti.2009.035865
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. ↵
    1. Patel BL,
    2. Choudhury M
    . Rhabdomyolysis with simvastatin. BMJ Case Reports 2011doi:10.1136/bcr.12.2009.2552doi:10.1136/bcr.12.2009.2552
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  5. ↵
    1. Foisy MM,
    2. Yakiwchuk EM,
    3. Chin I,
    4. Singh AE
    . Adrenal suppression and Cushing's syndrome secondary to an interaction between ritonavir and fluticasone: a review of the literature. HIV Medicine 2008;9:389–96doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00579.x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. ↵
    Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Keeping patients safe when they transfer between care providers - getting the medicines right2011 London RPS www.rpharms.com/medicines-safety/getting-the-medicines-right.asp [Accessed 31 July 2011]
  7. ↵
    1. British HIV Association
    The future role of primary and community care in HIV, www.bhiva.org/documents/Publications/PositionStatement.pdf [Accessed 31 July 2011].
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The current system for prescribing antiretroviral therapy puts HIV-infected patients at risk of serious drug-drug interactions: is now the time for a paradigm shift in HIV care delivery?
GG Whitlock, A Patel, SG Edwards, PD Benn, RF Miller
Clinical Medicine Jun 2012, 12 (3) 300-301; DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-300

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The current system for prescribing antiretroviral therapy puts HIV-infected patients at risk of serious drug-drug interactions: is now the time for a paradigm shift in HIV care delivery?
GG Whitlock, A Patel, SG Edwards, PD Benn, RF Miller
Clinical Medicine Jun 2012, 12 (3) 300-301; DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-300
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