ABSTRACT
Introduction There is growing recognition of the need for perioperative medicine services for older surgical patients. Comprehensive geriatric assessment and optimisation methodology has been successfully used to improve perioperative outcomes at tertiary centres. This paper describes translation of an established model of geriatrician-led perioperative care to a district general hospital (DGH) setting.
Methods A mixed methods quality improvement programme was used and included stakeholder co-design, identification of core components, definition of mechanisms for change, and measurement of impact through qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Results Within 18 months, a substantive perioperative service for older people was established at a DGH, funded by the surgical directorate. Key outcomes included reduction in length of stay and 30-day readmission and positive staff and patient experience.
Discussion This study is in keeping with improvement science literature demonstrating the importance of a mixed-methods approach in translating an evidenced-based intervention into another setting, maintaining fidelity and replicating results.
Introduction
Patients aged over 60 years are more likely than younger people to develop complications following surgery.1 With each additional decade of life, postoperative morbidity, mortality and length of in-hospital stay (LOS) increase.2 Comanagement between surgeons, anaesthetists and geriatricians is increasingly recognised to improve postoperative outcomes.3 Collaborative perioperative services using comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) methodology have demonstrated fewer postoperative complications in patients undergoing orthopaedic,4 vascular5 and general surgical procedures.6 These observed improvements with consequent shorter LOS may provide a cost-effective approach to delivering services for older surgical patients.
The UK, Royal Colleges of Anaesthetists, Surgeons and Physicians all advocate collaborative models of perioperative care.7–9 Indeed, the Royal College of Surgeons report The high risk general surgical patient and the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) recommend patients aged 65 years or over should be assessed by a geriatrician during a hospital episode.10,11 Despite these standards, implementation of geriatric medicine services in routine surgical care (excepting hip fracture) remains limited. NELA data show only 23% of older patients undergoing emergency laparotomy are reviewed by a geriatrician, and structured geriatrician-surgical liaison exists in just 4% of hospitals.11
Barriers to establishing perioperative geriatrician involvement include insufficient funding and a limited workforce to deliver collaborative comanagement.12 Furthermore, qualitative research describes human factors and departmental cultures presenting barriers to change.13 Despite these barriers, national drivers, education and training opportunities and coproduced medical-surgical business plans have resulted in an increase in geriatrician-delivered perioperative medicine services.14,15 While this is encouraging, there remains a translation gap between recommendations and clinical practice. Achieving systematic scale-up requires an implementation science approach to define and address barriers and enablers, ensure fidelity to evidence and facilitate measurement of outcome.
This mixed methods study aims to address this implementation and scale-up gap through effectively and sustainably translating an established model of geriatrician-led perioperative care from the tertiary centre where it was established, to a district general hospital (DGH).
Methods
The intervention: POPS@GSTFT
The ‘perioperative medicine for older people undergoing Surgery’ (POPS) service was established at Guy's and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust (GSTFT) in 2003. GSTFT is a 1,277 bedded tertiary, academic hospital with 28,000 elective and 51,500 non-elective admissions annually. Ninety-one percent of emergency general surgical patients were seen by a geriatrician,2 with LOS shorter than the national benchmark in 2016. POPS uses CGA methodology, delivered by a geriatrician-led multidisciplinary team to preoperatively assess and optimise in a one-stop clinic with a focus on anticipation of postoperative complications and shared decision making. Patients are followed up on surgical units with comanagement between geriatricians and surgeons to deliver postoperative medical care, rehabilitation goal setting and discharge planning. Emergency admissions are identified through proactive case finding and managed (pre- and postoperatively) according to CGA principles. The POPS model of care is illustrated in supplementary material S1. Single-site studies have demonstrated improvements in clinical outcomes, process measures and staff satisfaction.4,5
The context for scale-up: Dartford and Gravesham Trust
Darent Valley Hospital (Dartford and Gravesham Trust, DGT) is a 463 bedded hospital, 16 miles from GSTFT serving a population of 340,000 with a deprivation index of 100/152.16 Trustwide issues include workforce shortages, financial challenges and an anticipated increase in activity.17 The surgical department has 2,000–3,000 emergency and 1,100–1,500 elective admissions annually. Performance, measured by NELA, showed 8% of emergency general surgical patients were seen by a geriatrician in 2016, and LOS was longer than the national benchmark.2
Funding from the NHS England Acute Care Collaboration Vanguard provided the opportunity to translate POPS@GSTFT to the DGT setting. Over 18 months, £25,000 was provided to support one weekly session of POPS@GSTFT consultant time supervising 2 days of specialist registrar (SpR) time to implement the POPS@DGT service.
The translation process: POPS@DGT
Improvement science strategies were employed to facilitate the translation of POPS@GSTFT to DGT.18,19 The three main phases were:
1. Logic modelling
The core components of POPS@GSTFT were described through development of a modified logic model.20 Logic models specify elements of a clinical programme, and how they translate to care processes and resultant clinical outcomes. They also specify the core elements of a clinical intervention to be delivered with high fidelity,21 ensuring the maintenance of effectiveness through the scale-up process. In so doing, logic models offer a practical, action-orientated ‘map’ for the execution of a translation or scale-up programme.22
2. Piloting the service
Using the logic model, a pilot POPS@DGT service was established. The first phase of this pilot service provided outpatient, preoperative CGA-based, geriatrician-delivered care for older patients scheduled to undergo vascular surgery. This early service comprised:
Staffing: 2 days per week of geriatric medicine SpR with expertise in delivering CGA, and a weekly session of supporting POPS@GSTFT consultant time (eg review of clinic letters, supervision delivered through weekly multidisciplinary meetings).
Supporting clinical infrastructure: POPS@GSTFT written materials (eg clinic proformas, letter templates, clinical guidelines, Standard Operating Policies).
Professional development: mentoring of registrars by POPS@GSTFT team to build resilience and sustainability.
Piloting a small-scale service in one surgical speciality before expanding across other surgical specialities facilitated interdisciplinary relationships, improved understanding of local processes, and allowed anticipation of enablers and barriers to wider implementation. Furthermore, it provided the opportunity for ‘troubleshooting’, while allowing the local team to ‘own’ and ‘invest’ in the intervention.17
3. Iterative evaluation to support embedding of POPS@DGT
POPS@DGT was studied using a clear-box, formative service evaluation. This allowed granular description of how inputs translated into outputs, and provided real-time insight into modification, refinement and tailoring of the intervention.23,24
Quality improvement methodology enabled continual adaptation of the intervention to the local context. Process mapping with local stakeholder groups provided understanding of how POPS@DGT could be embedded into existing systems. Where areas for improvement were identified, Cause and Effect Fishbone diagrams, the Five Whys approach25 and Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles26 were used to analyse root cause of challenges, identify solutions and trial modifications in a stepwise manner.
Staff feedback, via semistructured interviews and surveys, was central to service development. For example, the format and content of ward-based multidisciplinary meetings (MDMs) was refined through PDSA cycles, allowing POPS@DGT to make iterative adjustments to time, venue, and frequency of meetings, until staff agreed the MDM was an efficient use of time and improved clinical care.
Improvement steps to facilitate translation, together with the timeline for change, are summarised in Table 1.
Summary of evaluation KPIs and associated improvement steps over time for POPS@DGT scale-up
Through phases 1 to 3, POPS@DGT expanded to include inpatient pre- and postoperative care for emergency and elective general surgical patients. Capacity for expansion was achieved through a funding application using preliminary data resulting in the appointment of a surgical directorate funded clinical nurse specialist (CNS).
POPS@DGT: evaluation of translation
In keeping with an implementation science approach, a mixed methods evaluation of the POPS@DGT intervention was used. A hybrid evaluation framework assessing process (clinical and implementation), stakeholder, and patient satisfaction data was used27 to achieve sustainability.
Baseline data were collected on a cohort of 50 emergency and 50 elective general surgical patients aged 70 years or over. Following introduction of POPS@DGT, quantitative data on all patients seen by POPS were presented in monthly run charts recording LOS, readmissions, medical complications and coding of comorbidities.
Qualitative data were obtained using semistructured interviews and stakeholder focus groups, analysed using NVIVO 12 software.
Results
Results are presented in three sections. First, quantitative data allow evaluation of the clinical impact of POPS@DGT (similar to original evidence from GSTFT). Second, qualitative data describe challenges experienced through implementation and allow exploration of barriers, enablers and coproduction of interventions to overcome these challenges. Third, the process of obtaining substantive funding and the current POPS@DGT service is described.
Process measures, staff-reported and patient-reported outcomes
Uptake (implementation assessment)
In the 12 months preceding POPS intervention, 8% of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy were seen by a geriatrician. During the first 12 months of the POPS intervention, 98% of patients aged over 70 years undergoing emergency laparotomy received CGA (n=62) with one early postoperative death in critical care precluding intervention. Within their first 12-month period, POPS@DGT performed a CGA on a total of 763 inpatients. Initially, CGA and optimisation were undertaken by POPS physicians (geriatric medicine registrars), but capacity was increased through upskilling a CNS to undertake CGA and optimisation.
Clinical outcomes
The incidence of documented postoperative complications increased over the first year of POPS@DGT: delirium from 0% to 26%, acute kidney injury 2% to 14% and pneumonia 10% to 19% (Fig 1). These increases likely reflect improved recognition of complications, rather than an increase in complication rates. Comorbidities recorded on discharge summaries increased from a median of two to four per patient. Again, this likely reflects improved recognition and documentation rather than increased multimorbidity, and was achieved through measures such as an ‘Information to include in the Discharge Note’ section in the POPS@DGT CGA proforma.
Postoperative medical complications and 30-day readmission rate in emergency general surgical patients.
Within 12 months of introduction of POPS@DGT, median LOS for emergency general surgery patients reduced by 1 day and mean LOS by 2.58 days (pre-POPS: median 8, mean 14.2, range 2–80 days; post-POPS: median 7, mean 11.6, range 1–82 days). Within 12 months of introduction of POPS@DGT 30-day readmissions in emergency general surgical patients reduced from 30–18% (Fig 1).
Staff-reported outcomes
Nine months after service introduction an electronic survey distributed to nurses, doctors and allied health professionals found >80% of staff reported POPS@DGT had improved the overall care of older surgical patients (n=28, response rate 71%). In addition, staff reported improved understanding of multidisciplinary working and enhanced educational opportunities. Interviews with stakeholders demonstrated improved satisfaction with discharge letter documentation, noted particularly by general practitioners.
Patient-reported outcomes
Patients attending POPS clinics were invited to attend a focus group supported by an independent facilitator. Patients who expressed interest but were unable to attend were invited to complete a survey (supplementary material S2). This process enabled iterative codesign of the service by rapidly identifying aspects requiring adaptation and facilitating coproduced solutions. Improvements made included changes to the appointment process (specifically flexibility in appointment times and content of letters), a coproduced information leaflet (supplementary material S3), and the development of a hospital map. The success of this approach was recognised through the substantive appointment of a patient engagement officer working across DGT, demonstrating sustainable cultural change within the organization.
Qualitative evaluation of the translation process
Semistructured interviews were conducted 6 months after service introduction with 10 senior staff members involved in POPS implementation at DGT. Staff interviewed were two nurses, two surgeons, three geriatricians, two anaesthetists and one member of the executive hospital board. Interviews explored individuals’ experience of the implementation process: had there been readiness for change, had sufficient stakeholder engagement been achieved, had the intervention been perceived as acceptable and had it adapted sufficiently into its new context? Thematic analysis of these transcribed interviews using NVIVO 12 software allowed an understanding of barriers and enablers to translation and interventions necessary to overcome challenges (Table 2).
Implementation process of POPS@DGT: barriers and enablers
Sustainability
Following the pilot, a business case was submitted and the substantive POPS@DGT service started in November 2017. This service, funded through the surgical directorate, is now provided by 1.0 working time equivalent (WTE) consultant geriatricians, 1.0 WTE band 7 CNS, 0.3 WTE occupational therapist and 0.1 WTE POPS@GSTFT consultant. The inpatient service is delivered through daily POPS consultant and CNS comanagement on general surgical wards, close collaborative working with surgical teams, twice-weekly ward-based MDMs, and referral to community services at hospital discharge. A preoperative CGA-based and optimisation-based outpatient service has now been established. One session of POPS@GSTFT consultant time continues to provide clinical supervision, collaborative peer support and mentorship.
Effective knowledge mobilisation through adaptation of POPS@GSTFT resources to the local context of POPS@DGT improved efficiency in the set-up phase and ensured consistency in documentation and approach across the vanguard sites. For example with respect to delirium; a pan-hospital delirium working group was established, a high-visibility sticker for use in the medical record was adapted, pop-up training sessions for nurses were provided using GSTFT training materials and dissemination occurred via newsletter articles and an in-hospital promotional event. In addition, the preoperative outpatient service utilises the same CGA tools and letter template as that used by POPS@GSTFT, facilitating seamless transfer of patient-level information between centres.
Discussion
Key findings
Through a mixed methods study, underpinned by improvement and implementation science, the established POPS@GSTFT service was sustainably translated to and substantively funded at a DGH. Within 12 months, POPS@DGT demonstrated a 1-day reduction in median LOS and a reduction in 30-day readmission rate (30% to 18%) in older surgical patients. Detection of medical complications and comorbidity coding improved. Staff and patient benefits were demonstrated through mixed methods evaluation.
Interpretation
Successful and sustainable translation of an evidence-based approach to a novel setting requires fidelity to the original model (core intervention elements), adaption to the local context (adaptable elements) and the use of improvement science to underpin iterative change.
Ensuring fidelity to POPS@GSTFT necessitated description and adherence to the core components of the intervention.21 The use of CGA and optimisation as an underpinning methodology is essential, as evidenced by previous work, with benefits observed in process and clinician-reported measures.4–6 In contrast, when principles of CGA are not adhered to, the same results are not observed. For example, in a colorectal cancer population, CGA failed to use a timely or multidisciplinary approach and comparable postoperative benefits were not demonstrated.28 Similarly, a recent study examining a ‘toolkit’ approach to perioperative CGA delivery by non-geriatricians, failed to develop and embed a clinical service and showed no impact on clinical outcomes.29
While core components of CGA are integral to a POPS intervention, the process of translation requires adaption to the local context. In the POPS@DGT programme, local adaption was facilitated through a ‘one team’ approach supported through collaborative training, upskilling all staff in perioperative geriatric medicine. Codesign and coproduction involving stakeholders early in the process were effective in promoting shared service ownership and instrumental in securing substantive funding from the surgical directorate within 15 months of inception. This move towards funding POPS services from surgical as opposed to medical budgets is increasingly observed in the UK and likely further reflects shared understanding of a ‘one team’ approach.11
Finally, using a systematic approach to address human factors, known to be barriers to establishing team-based services, was essential. This is pertinent as a recent qualitative study suggests failure to address human factors may contribute to slow uptake of geriatrician-led perioperative medicine services.13 Furthermore funded clinical support and mentorship from the established POPS@GSTFT team fostered resilience in POPS@DGT staff. This suggests the need for a national or international POPS network to share best practice, promote resilience and ensure sustainability at scale.11
Limitations
First a single-site translation study lacks the benefit of a control group making it impossible to infer causal attribution of the clinical and implementation outcomes observed. However, undertaking a pilot site translation, such as this study, is an integral first step in wider scale-up. Second, an unblinded evaluation team was a potential source of bias. Such limitations reflect the pragmatic choice of a formative evaluation, aimed at maximising learning from the implementation process. This necessitates a multicentre hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial to build on this translation study and evaluate wider scale-up of the POPS intervention.27
Conclusion
There is a national and international appetite for establishing geriatrician-led perioperative medicine services. This study applied implementation and improvement science methods to successfully and sustainably translate an evidence-based approach from a tertiary setting to a DGH. Key components included use of a logic model, opportunistic pilot funding, ensuring fidelity to evidence, adapting to the local context and addressing human factors in coproducing services. Such approaches should be used in the wider scale-up and evaluation of POPS services in the future.
Summary
Supplementary material
Additional supplementary material may be found in the online version of this article at www.rcpjournals.org/clinmedicine:
S1 – POPS model of care graphic
S2 – POPS patient survey
S3 – POPS co-produced information leaflet
Conflicts of interest
N Sevdalis is the director of London Safety and Training Solutions Ltd, which undertakes patient safety and quality improvement advisory and training services for healthcare organisations internationally.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Michael Bedford for his assistance in database development and statistical analysis, and Donna Wallace for her expertise in project management.
- © Royal College of Physicians 2021. All rights reserved.
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