Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Colour fundus photography of diabetic retinopathy lesions. a) A photograph of an eye with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy showing dot (white arrowheads) and blot (white arrow) haemorrhages, exudates (black arrowheads) and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (segments of dilated and tortuous retinal vasculature amid retinal vessels; black arrow). b) A close-up photograph of an eye with diabetic macular oedema showing exudates (black arrows) and microaneurysms (white arrows) at the macula, a cotton wool spot is shown just outside the inferotemporal vascular arcade (white arrowhead).
- Fig 2.
Ultra-widefield fundus photography of an eye with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy showing laser photocoagulation scars (black arrows), new vessels elsewhere (white arrows) and a vitreous haemorrhage (white arrowheads).
- Fig 3
Ultra-widefield fundus photography of an eye with advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy showing fibrovascular proliferations (white arrows), new vessels elsewhere (black arrowhead), subhyaloid haemorrhage (black arrow) and tractional retinal detachment (within area of the white arrowheads) involving the macula.
Tables
Diabetic retinopathy severity scale Findings observable on dilated ophthalmoscopy No retinopathy No abnormalities Mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy Microaneurysms only Moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy More than just microaneurysms but less than severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy Severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy One or more of the following, in the absence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: more than 20 intraretinal haemorrhages in each of four quadrants
definite venous beading in two or more quadrants
prominent intraretinal microvascular abnormalities in one or more quadrants
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy One or more of the following: extraretinal neovascularisation (NVD or NVE)
vitreous or preretinal haemorrhage
Mild diabetic macular oedema Some retinal thickening or hard exudates in posterior pole but distant from the centre of the macula Moderate diabetic macular oedema Retinal thickening or hard exudates approaching the centre of the macula but not involving the centre Severe diabetic macular oedema Retinal thickening or hard exudates involving the centre of the macula Adapted from the proposed international diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema disease severity scales.9 NVD = neovascularisation at the disc; NVE = neovascularisation of the retina elsewhere.
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- Article
- ABSTRACT
- Key points
- Introduction
- Who gets diabetic retinopathy?
- How is diabetic retinopathy classified?
- What is the natural course of diabetic retinopathy?
- What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
- How is diabetic retinopathy assessed and diagnosed?
- What are the principles of diabetic retinopathy management?
- Prevention
- Early detection
- Ophthalmological treatments
- What new ophthalmological treatments can we expect for DR?
- Conflicts of interest
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