Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
(a) Areas where there is risk of Nipah virus transmission. (b) Nipah virus' reservoir host, the Pteropus bat, pictured in a public park in Rajasthan, India (Photo courtesy of Jakub Halun) and reproduced under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.
- Fig 2.
Possible routes for disease transmission of Nipah virus encephalitis.
- Fig 3.
(a) MRI FLAIR imaging illustrating multiple small hyperintensities with cortical involvement. (b) MRI DWI illustrating multiple bilateral hyperintensities. Reproduced with permission from Anam et al.23
- Fig 4.
Bubble plot illustrating mortality rates throughout the Nipah virus outbreaks from 1999 to 2021.
Tables
Incubation period Ranges from a few days to months; majority within 2 weeks
Acute non-specific signs and symptoms Fever
Headache
Vomiting
Respiratory symptoms – atypical pneumonia, cough, acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute neurological signs and symptoms Reduced level of consciousness or altered Glasgow coma scale
Areflexia or hyporeflexia
Focal weakness
Brain stem dysfunction – abnormal pupils or dolls-eyes reflex, tachycardia, hypertension
Seizures
Behavioural change
Sub-acute signs and symptoms Late-onset encephalitis symptoms – reduced level of consciousness or altered Glasgow coma scale; brain stem dysfunction; seizures; behavioural change
Long-term sequalae Relapse encephalitis
Persistent neurological deficits
Cognitive deficits including memory disturbances
Depression
Behavioural change
Functional difficulties
Viral infections
Sporadic viral infections such as Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella zoster virus, adenovirus and enteroviruses
Epidemic viral infections such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus, rabies virus and enterovirus 71
Bacterial infections including rickettsial diseases, tuberculosis, or bacterial abscess
Parasitic infections such as cerebral malaria or neurocysticercosis
Other space-occupying lesions
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