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Comparing racial health disparities in pandemics a decade apart: H1N1 and COVID-19

Prathayini Paramanathan, Muhammad Abbas, Sajjad Ali Huda, Sameena Huda, Mehran Mortazavi and Parastoo Taravati
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2021-0030
Future Healthc J October 2021
Prathayini Paramanathan
AAll Saints University College of Medicine, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and clinical research coordinator, McMaster University, Canada
Roles: MD candidate
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  • For correspondence: prathayini.paramanathan@mail.utoronto.ca
Muhammad Abbas
BAvalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
Roles: MD candidate
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Sajjad Ali Huda
CAvalon University School of Medicine, Curacao, and Canadian pharmacist, Kingston University, London, UK
Roles: MD candidate
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Sameena Huda
DAvalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
Roles: MD candidate
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Mehran Mortazavi
ESaint James School of Medicine, Saint Vincent and Grenadines
Roles: MD candidate
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Parastoo Taravati
FSaint James School of Medicine, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and public health extern, Illinois Academy of Family Physicians, Chicago, USA
Roles: MD candidate
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Abstract

Background and aims The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported disproportionate health disparities with respect to disease for Blacks/African Americans (AAs) compared to Whites in the USA. In this paper, we identify and compare the factors involved in creating these disparities among these populations during the 2009 H1N1 and current COVID-19 pandemics.

Methods We included studies describing health disparities towards Blacks/AAs in the USA during the H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics. Only observational empirical studies with free full-text availability in English from PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar were included.

Results A total of 31 papers were included: 19 pertaining to the H1N1 pandemic and 12 to the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative analysis for health disparities resulted in 43 different factors, which were subdivided into nine overarching themes.

Discussion The similarities that exist between the two pandemics indicate that there are many neglected issues in American healthcare that need to be addressed. The listed factors have led to disparities in screening and treating for disease resulting in disparities in infection rates, severity of illness and mortality. This calls for a change in healthcare dynamics to improve access to healthcare, remove any form of possible discrimination, and regain the lost trust with the Black/AA communities, repairing historical damage.

Conclusions Effective utilisation of social media and faith-based centres to educate patients, implementation of new policies improving access to healthcare, and culture-sensitive education for healthcare providers are suggested to decrease health disparities and improve health outcomes across the USA.

KEYWORDS:
  • coronavirus
  • COVID-19
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • H1N1
  • ethnicity
  • racial disparities
  • © Royal College of Physicians 2021. All rights reserved.
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Comparing racial health disparities in pandemics a decade apart: H1N1 and COVID-19
Prathayini Paramanathan, Muhammad Abbas, Sajjad Ali Huda, Sameena Huda, Mehran Mortazavi, Parastoo Taravati
Future Healthc J Oct 2021, fhj.2021-0030; DOI: 10.7861/fhj.2021-0030

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Comparing racial health disparities in pandemics a decade apart: H1N1 and COVID-19
Prathayini Paramanathan, Muhammad Abbas, Sajjad Ali Huda, Sameena Huda, Mehran Mortazavi, Parastoo Taravati
Future Healthc J Oct 2021, fhj.2021-0030; DOI: 10.7861/fhj.2021-0030
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