PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Rosie Hattersley
AU  - Melanie Nana
AU  - Andrew J Lansdown
TI  - Endocrine complications of immunotherapies: a review
AID  - 10.7861/clinmed.2020-0827
DP  - 2021 Mar 01
TA  - Clinical Medicine
PG  - e212--e222
VI  - 21
IP  - 2
4099  - http://www.rcpjournals.org/content/21/2/e212.short
4100  - http://www.rcpjournals.org/content/21/2/e212.full
SO  - Clin Med2021 Mar 01; 21
AB  - Use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment has increased vastly over the past decade, as both single and combination agent therapies. While having a positive impact on survival rates, adverse effects have been noted, with endocrine effects in around 10% of patients. Thyroid disease and hypophysitis are the most commonly encountered, with diabetes mellitus and primary adrenal insufficiency also reported, as well as more rare endocrinopathies. Patient and clinician education to raise awareness of these effects, as well as regular monitoring to enable early recognition, diagnosis and prompt treatment of the immune side effects, are key. In this review, we discuss the aetiology, presentation and management of the endocrine complications of immunotherapies that are relevant to the general physician, as well as highlighting important areas where further research is still needed.