Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
| Autoimmune/inflammatory | CNS infections | Metabolic | Vascular conditions | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) | CNS syphilis | Vitamin B12 deficiency | Small vessel disease | CNS lymphoma |
| Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) | Lyme disease | Copper deficiency | Stroke | Paraneoplastic |
| Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease | Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) | Mitochondrial disease | CADASIL | |
| Sjögren's syndrome | HIV | Leukodystrophies | Susac's syndrome | |
| CNS lupus | Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome | |||
| Sarcoidosis | ||||
| Behçet's | ||||
| CNS vasculitis |
CADASIL = cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; CNS = central nervous system.