Table 1.

The national clinical outcome review programmes in England

Programme nameEstablished and any developmentsDescription of current programmeLead agency
Maternal, Newborn and Infant Clinical Outcome Review Programme1952: Maternal deaths
1993: Stillbirths and deaths in infancy
2003: Maternal and child health
2010: Mothers and babies		Conducts surveillance and investigates the causes of maternal deaths, stillbirths and infant deathsMothers and Babies: Reducing Risk through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK, Universities of Oxford and Leicester
Medical and Surgical Clinical Outcome Review Programme1988Highlights remediable factors in the care of patients across medical and surgical clinical topic areasNational Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death, London
Mental Health Clinical Outcome Review Programme1999Examines suicide by people who had been in contact with secondary and specialist mental health services in the previous 12 monthsNational Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health, University of Manchester
Child Health Clinical Outcome Review Programme2010Uses case-note review to examine specific topics relating to child healthNational Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death, London
Confidential Inquiry into premature deaths of people with learning disabilities2010–2013Reviewed the deaths of 247 people with learning disabilities, and 58 comparator cases in five (former) primary care trusts.University of Bristol
Learning Disability Mortality Review Programme2015Supports local areas to review the deaths of all people with learning disabilities.University of Bristol
National Mortality Case Record Review Programme2016–2019Introduced a standardised methodology for reviewing case records of adult patients who have died in acute general hospitals in England and ScotlandRoyal College of Physicians
National Child Mortality Database2019Collects core information about all children in England who die before their 18th birthdayUniversity of Bristol (with University of Oxford and University College London).