Box 3.

Alternative causes of sclerosing cholangiopathy

Chronic choledocholithiasis (bile duct stones)
Chronic pancreatitis
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease
Traumatic bile duct injury (iatrogenic, penetrating/blunt trauma)
Ischaemic bile duct injury
HIV cholangiopathy
Parasitic infections of the biliary tract
Helminth (ascaris)
Trematoda (flukes)