Luminal | Motility disorders | Systemic diseases | Drug-induced dysphagia |
---|---|---|---|
Oesophagitis Peptic stricture Fibrous stricture Schatzki ring Narrow calibre oesophagus Web Diverticulum Large/distorted hiatus hernia Post-surgical Malignancy External compression Lymph nodes Vertebral compression Vascular compression | Achalasia OGJ outflow obstruction Jackhammer oesophagus Distal oesophageal spasm Absent peristalsis Ineffective oesophageal motility | Rheumatoid arthritis Scleroderma Sjogren’s syndrome Systemic lupus Parkinson’s disease Cerebrovascular disease Multiple sclerosis Cerebellar disease Myasthenia gravis Myopathy Motor neuron disease | Antipsychotics Tricyclic antidepressants Opioids Iron supplements Potassium supplements NSAIDs Tetracyclines Bisphosphonates Calcium channel blockers Nitrates Alcohol Pill stasis |
NSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OGJ = oesophago-gastic junction.