| Novel vs existing techniques | Use of non-traditional data sources (search queries, Twitter sentiment, smartphone mobility or wearables). Predictive, preventive, personalised and participatory (P4) precision medicine. Digital contact tracing.
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| Centralised vs local decision making | Coordination challenges among research groups. Incentives, mechanisms and structures for largescale open data sharing. Knowledge management and preprints.
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| Cooperation across disciplines, sectors, and borders | Ad hoc interdisciplinary research collaborations (eg COVID19 Dispersed Volunteer Research Network). Rapid funding mechanisms. Data journalism, public communication and transparency. Government science advisory committees. Realtime evaluation and collaboration among hard scientists, ethicists and economists to inform human challenge trial debate; UK Human Challenge Consortium.
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