Overview of included studies (Continued)
| Study | Year | Country | Setting | Study concept | Methods | Participants | Focus | MERSQI score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Westbrook et al.6 | 2021 | Australia | Seven metropolitan tertiary hospitals | Incivility, bullying, extreme unprofessional behaviour | Survey | Nurses, doctors, clinical and non-clinical services, administrators (n=5,178) | Prevalence, type and impact of unprofessional behaviours | 9 |
| Riskin et al.29 | 2019 | Israel | One general hospital | Rudeness | Qualtrics-based smartphone application (Qualtrics, Provo, UT, USA) | Medical professionals (n=160) | Iatrogenesis and lapses in patient safety, state depletion and team processes | 10 |
| Cooper et al.32 | 2019 | USA | Two academic medical centres | Unprofessional behaviour | Electronic reports | Patients (n=13,653) | Risk of surgical and medical complications | 9 |
| Katz et al.30 | 2019 | USA | Three academic hospitals | Incivility | Randomised control trials and surveys | Categorical (CA) Year 1–3 anaesthesiology residents (n=76) | Technical and non-technical performance domains, including vigilance, diagnosis, communication and patient management | 12 |
| Riskin et al.33 | 2017 | Israel | Mixed: hospitals | Rudeness | Simulation training, randomisation | 39 NICU teams, each compromising two physicians and two nurses (n=156) | Impact of rudeness on medical team’ performance and test interventions | 9 |
| Elhoseny and Adel34 | 2016 | Egypt | One hospital (medical, surgical, ICU, anaesthesia, A&E and pathology departments) | Disruptive behaviour | Questionnaire based on ACPE and QuantiaMD survey | Physicians (n=183) | Situation, culture | 6.5 |
| Maddineshat et al.31 | 2016 | Iran | Five general hospitals | Disruptive behaviours | Questionnaires analysed with SPSS version 13 software | Physicians and nurses (n=155) | Physician–nurse relationships and quality of care | 8 |
| Bradley et al.2 | 2015 | England | Three teaching hospitals | Rude, dismissive and aggressive communication | Focus groups and questionnaire designed by authors | Junior doctors, registrants and consultants (n=606) | Profession, situation and culture | 7 |
| Riskin et al.14 | 2015 | Israel | Mixed: hospitals | Rudeness | ACPE and QuantiaMD | 24 NICU teams rated by three judges (n=72) | Iatrogenesis and performance deficiencies among medical team members | 7 |
| Cochran and Elder5 | 2015 | USA | One academic medical centre | Disruptive behaviour | Interviews | Scrub technicians, nurses, medical students, surgical residents and anaesthesiologists (n=19) | Coping strategies used by perioperative staff | 8 |
| Rosentein and Naylor35 | 2012 | USA | 20 A&E departments | Disruptive behaviour | Questionnaires developed by authors | Physician, nurses, secretaries or clerks, and A&E technicians (n=237) | Personality, professions, culture and situations | 8 |
| Rosenstein and O'Daniel37 | 2008 | USA | 102 hospitals | Disruptive behaviour | Questionnaires developed by authors | Physicians, nurses, administrative employees and others (n=4,530) | Professions | 7 |
| Rosenstein and O'Daniel36 | 2005 | USA | 102 hospitals | Disruptive behaviour | Questionnaire developed by authors | Nurses, physicians, administrators (n=1,509) | Professions | 8 |
A&E = accident and emergency; ACPE = American College of Physician Executives; ICU = intensive care unit; NICU = neonatal intensive care unit.