Sepsis and hypoperfusion: |
> severe sepsis |
> haemorrhage |
> dehydration |
> cardiac failure |
> liver failure |
> renovascular insult (eg aortic surgery). |
Toxicity: |
> nephrotoxic drugs |
> iodinated radiological contrast. |
Obstruction: |
> bladder outflow |
> stones |
> tumour |
> surgical ligation of ureters |
> extrinsic compression (eg lymph nodes) |
> retroperitoneal fibrosis. |
Parenchymal kidney disease: |
> glomerulonephritis |
> tubulointersitial nephritis |
> rhabdomyolysis |
> haemolytic uraemic syndrome |
> myeloma kidney |
> malignant hypertension. |