Risk factors independent of BMD | Risk factors dependent on BMD |
---|---|
Age | Untreated hypogonadism, premature menopause |
Previous personal history of fragility fracture | Malabsorption |
Maternal history of hip fracture – heritable influences | Endocrine disease eg hyperthyroidism |
Glucocorticoid therapy | Chronic renal disease |
Smoking | Chronic liver disease |
Alcohol intake ≥3 units/day | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
Rheumatoid arthritis | Immobility |
Body mass index ≤19 kg/m 2 | Drugs eg androgen deprivation therapy, aromatase inhibitors |
Falls | |
Caucasian | |
Geography – latitudes furthest from equator |
BMD = bone mineral density.