Malignancy | Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |
Multiple myeloma | |
Good's syndrome | |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | |
Immunoglobulin loss | Protein losing enteropathy |
Nephrotic syndrome | |
Plasma exchange | |
Severe dermatitis | |
Drugs | |
Anticonvulsants | Phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine |
Immunomodulatory | Long-term or frequent corticosteroids Gold, penicillamine, sulfasalazine cyclophosphamide, azathioprine mycophenolate (in allogeneic and solid organ transplantation) |
Anti-B-cell antibodies | Rituximab
Belimumab |
Infections | Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, parvovirus B19, congenital rubella |