| HBsAg positive | HBsAg negative – anti-HBc positive |
| High risk >10% | B-cell depleting agents (eg rituximab, ofatumumab) Anthracycline derivatives (eg doxorubicin, epirubicin) Moderate (prednisolone 10–20 mg daily or equivalent) or high-dose (prednisolone >20 mg daily or equivalent) corticosteroids daily for ≥4 weeks Potent TNF-α inhibitors, including adalimumab, certolizumab, infliximab and golimumab Local treatment for HCC, including TACE
| |
| Moderate risk 1-10% | Less potent TNF-α inhibitors (eg etanercept) Cytokine or integrin inhibitors (eg abatacept, ustekinumab, natalizumab, vedolizumab) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (eg imatinib, nilotinib) Immunophilin inhibitors, including cyclosporine Proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib HDIs Low-dose (prednisolone <10 mg daily or equivalent) corticosteroids for duration of ≥4 weeks Systemic chemotherapy
| TNF-α inhibitors (eg etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab, infliximab) Cytokinee or integrin inhibitors (eg abatacept, ustekinumab, natalizumab, vedolizumab) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (eg imatinib, nilotinib) Moderate (prednisolone 10–20 mg daily or equivalent) or high-dose (prednisolone >20 mg daily or equivalent) corticosteroids daily for ≥4 weeks Anthracycline derivatives (eg doxorubicin, epirubicin) Immunophilin inhibitors, including cyclosporine Proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib HDIs Systematic chemotherapy, including HCC
|
| Low risk <1% | Traditional immunosuppressive agents (eg azathioprine, 6-Mercaptopurine, methotrexate) Intra-articular corticosteroids Any dose of oral corticosteroids daily for <1 week
| Traditional immunosuppressive agents (eg azathioprine, 6-Mercaptopurine, methotrexate) Intra-articular corticosteroids Low-dose (prednisolone <10 mg or equivalent) corticosteroids for ≥4 weeks Any dose of oral corticosteroids daily for <1 week
|