Shorter communicationLong-term follow-up of internet-delivered exposure and mindfulness based treatment for irritable bowel syndrome
Introduction
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects 5–11% of the adult population (Spiller et al., 2007). It is characterized by recurring episodes of abdominal pain or discomfort combined with diarrhea, constipation, and bloating (Longstreth et al., 2006). Compared to normal controls IBS-patients have impaired quality of life (Halder et al., 2004), are more likely to be absent from work (Drossman et al., 1993), and utilize more health care (Talley, Gabriel, Harmsen, Zinsmeister, & Evans, 1995).
Two meta-analyses have demonstrated that psychological therapies generally produce positive effects on IBS symptoms (Ford et al., 2009, Lackner et al., 2004). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is considered the most well studied of the psychological interventions (Mayer, 2008) but its availability is limited (Lackner et al., 2008). To increase the availability of treatment a number of recent trials have explored different methods to limit the amount of therapist time. This has been done by reducing the number of sessions or providing therapist contact through the internet or by telephone (Hunt et al., 2009, Lackner et al., 2008, Ljótsson et al., 2010, Moss-Morris et al., 2010). These studies show effect sizes comparable with treatments with more intensive treatment contact but have only provided 3–6 month follow-up data. There is also a lack of studies that consistently demonstrate long-term effectiveness of CBT delivered in a traditional manner. We are aware of four studies of CBT for IBS that have included at least 12 month follow-up data. The first (Neff & Blanchard, 1987) was followed up after 2 and 4 years (Blanchard et al., 1988, Schwarz et al., 1990) but studied a protocol that has been practically abandoned. The second (van Dulmen, Fennis, & Bleijenberg, 1996) had large variations in the length of the follow-up period (6–48 months) and provided follow-up data for less than 70% of the sample. The third (Boyce, Talley, Balaam, Koloski, & Truman, 2003) also suffered from large attrition with only a 62% response rate at the follow-up, furthermore the study failed to demonstrate meaningful differences between CBT and relaxation training. Finally, one study (Kennedy et al., 2005) failed to show maintenance of treatment gains beyond 3 month follow-up. In summary, the long-term beneficial effects of any kind of CBT for IBS remain undetermined at best and questionable at worst.
To determine the long-term effects of minimal contact CBT for IBS, specifically delivered via internet, we conducted a follow-up on the sample from a previous study by our research group (Ljótsson, Falk, et al., 2010). The internet-delivered treatment in that study was based on exposure and mindfulness exercises and the participants randomized to treatment showed large improvements in IBS symptoms and quality of life compared to a waiting list.
Section snippets
Participants
Participants were 75 self-referred IBS-patients that had participated in our previous study (Ljótsson, Falk, et al., 2010). They had been randomized to either treatment or waiting list which was subsequently crossed over to treatment. Participants from both groups were followed up simultaneously. The treatment group was followed up 18 months after treatment and the waiting list was follow-up at 15 months after completing the treatment (mean 16.4 months). Inclusion criteria, recruitment
Results
Table 1 displays the results on the self-assessments at the three time points. Both groups showed statistically significant improvements after treatment on all outcome measures and treatment gains were sustained from post-treatment to follow-up. The within-group effect sizes from pre-treatment to follow-up on the GSRS-IBS and IBS-QOL were large and the effect sizes on the VSI were near-large for both groups. A total of fifty participants (59% of the original sample), 22 of 42 (52%) in the
Discussion
The aim of this study was to investigate if the effects of internet-delivered CBT for IBS, based on exposure and mindfulness exercises, were sustained at a long-term follow-up. Seventy-five IBS-patients, 88% of the original sample, participated in the follow-up that was conducted 15 or 18 months after the participants had completed the treatment. Using conservative estimates our study shows that mainly large effects on IBS symptoms, quality of life and symptom-related anxiety were maintained at
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Erik Andersson, Karin Jansson and Katarina Linder for administering the data collection. This study was supported by the Stockholm County Council, the Center for Psychiatry Research, and the Bror Gadelius foundation.
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