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Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto)

A Systematic Review of Adverse Events

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Abstract

Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small, also known as saw palmetto, is one of the most widely used herbal preparations for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although a number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of the efficacy of S. repens for the treatment of LUTS and BPH have been published, no systematic review on its drug interactions or adverse events currently exists. This review assesses all available human safety data of S. repens monopreparations.

Systematic literature searches were conducted from date of inception to February 2008 in five electronic databases; reference lists and our departmental files were checked for further relevant publications. Information was requested from spontaneous reporting schemes of the WHO and national safety bodies. Twenty-four manufacturers/distributors of S. repens preparations and four herbalist organizations were contacted for additional information. No language restrictions were imposed. Only reports of adverse events in humans from monopreparations of S. repens were included. Data from all articles, regardless of study design, reporting adverse events or interactions were independently extracted by the first author and validated by the second.

Forty articles (26 randomized controlled trials, 4 non-randomized controlled trials, 6 uncontrolled trials and 4 case reports/series) were included. They suggest that adverse events associated with the use of S. repens are mild and similar to those with placebo. The most frequently reported adverse events are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, fatigue, headache, decreased libido and rhinitis. More serious adverse events such as death and cerebral haemorrhage are reported in isolated case reports and data from spontaneous reporting schemes, but causality is questionable. No drug interactions were reported.

Currently available data suggest that S. repens is well tolerated by most users and is not associated with serious adverse events. The majority of adverse events are mild, infrequent and reversible, and include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and fatigue, headache, decreased libido and rhinitis. We found no evidence for drug interactions with S. repens. However, higher quality reporting of adverse events is essential if safety assessments are to be improved in future.

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Acknowledgements

Edzard Ernst was awarded a grant for a research fellowship by Dr Willmar Schwabe GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany. Taofikat Bisola Agbabiaka was supported by this research fellowship. None of the other authors have any conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review to declare. The authors wish to thank Myeong Soo Lee, PhD, Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea, for assistance with retrieving relevant articles.

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  1. Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter, EX2 4NT, United Kingdom

    Taofikat B. Agbabiaka, Max H. Pittler, Barbara Wider &  Edzard Ernst

  2. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), Cologne, Germany

    Max H. Pittler

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  1. Taofikat B. Agbabiaka
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Correspondence to Edzard Ernst.

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Agbabiaka, T.B., Pittler, M.H., Wider, B. et al. Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto). Drug-Safety 32, 637–647 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200932080-00003

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