All life forms have an absolute requirement for metals, as metals play critical roles in fundamental
processes, including osmotic regulation, catalysis, metabolism, biomineralization, and …

Fluorescent proteins are genetically encoded, easily imaged reporters crucial in biology and
biotechnology 1 , 2 . When a protein is tagged by fusion to a fluorescent protein, interactions …

All coelenterate fluorescent proteins cloned to date display some form of quaternary structure,
including the weak tendency of Aequorea green fluorescent protein (GFP) to dimerize, the …

The dynamic interactions between the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are
usefully conceptualized as a circuit that both allows us to react automatically to biologically …

Copper active sites play a major role in biological and abiological dioxygen activation.
Oxygen intermediates have been studied in detail for the proteins and enzymes involved in …

Mitochondrial calcium uptake has a central role in cell physiology by stimulating ATP
production, shaping cytosolic calcium transients and regulating cell death. The biophysical …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a cellular storehouse for Ca 2+ , and Ca 2+
released from the ER plays a role in a host of critical signaling reactions, including exocytosis, …

The binding interface of calmodulin and a calmodulin binding peptide were reengineered
by computationally designing complementary bumps and holes. This redesign led to the …

Over the past 20 years, protein engineering has been extensively used to improve and modify
the fundamental properties of fluorescent proteins (FPs) with the goal of adapting them for …

Genetically encoded Ca 2+ indicators allow researchers to quantitatively measure Ca 2+
dynamics in a variety of experimental systems. This protocol summarizes the indicators that are …