Cytokines are pleiotropic molecules with important roles in inflammatory responses. Pro-inflammatory
cytokines and neuroinflammation are important not only in inflammatory …

Psychiatric disorders are documented to be associated with a mild pro‐inflammatory state.
Pro‐inflammatory mediators could activate the tryptophan breakdown and kynurenine …

The involvement of immune system activation in the pathophysiology of certain psychiatric
disorders is well documented. Inflammatory molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines …

The neurodegeneration hypothesis proposed major depression as a consequence of the
imbalance between neuroprotective and neurodegenerative metabolites in the kynurenine …

Background Immune dysfunction, including monocytosis and increased blood levels of
interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor α has been observed during acute …

There are different theories and hypotheses related to the aetiology of depression. The
interaction between brain 5-HT level and the activity of its autoreceptors plays a role in mood …

BACKGROUND: The role of cytokines in bipolar disorder is still controversial. Although a
few studies have found alterations of cytokines in bipolar disorder, their findings were …

BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that the balance between Th1 cytokines and Th2
cytokines plays a role in modulation of cellular responses in the brain during psychological …

Increased inflammation and reduced neurogenesis have been associated with the
pathophysiology of major depression. Here, we show for the first time how IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory …

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that there is an imbalance between T helper 1
(Th1) cytokines and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines in patients with schizophrenia. The T helper …