Transition metals such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn are essential minerals for normal plant growth
and development, although they can be toxic when present in excess. Thus, for healthy …

Heavy metal ions such as Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ and Co 2+ are essential
micronutrients for plant metabolism but when present in excess, these, and non-essential metals …

The goal of biofortification is to develop plants that have an increased content of bioavailable
nutrients in their edible parts. Cereals serve as the main staple food for a large proportion …

Sugar-transport proteins play a crucial role in the cell-to-cell and long-distance distribution
of sugars throughout the plant. In the past decade, genes encoding sugar transporters (or …

P 1B -ATPases form a distinct evolutionary sub-family of P-type ATPases, transporting transition
metals such as Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Co across membranes in a wide range of organisms, …

Plant nutrition critically depends on the activity of membrane transporters that translocate
minerals from the soil into the plant and are responsible for their intra‐ and intercellular …

Mechanisms are required by all organisms to maintain the concentration of essential heavy
metals (eg Zn and Cu) within physiological limits and to minimise the detrimental effects of …

The transition metal Zn is essential for many physiological processes in plants, yet at elevated
concentrations this, and the related non-essential metal Cd, can be toxic. Arabidopsis …

Powdery mildew fungi are biotrophic pathogens that form a complex interface, the
haustorium, between the host plant and the parasite. The pathogen acts as an additional sink, …

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants, playing catalytic or structural roles in enzymes,
transcription factors, ribosomes, and membranes. In humans, Zn deficiency is the second …