The finding that astrocytes possess glutamate-sensitive ion channels hinted at a previously
unrecognized signaling role for these cells. Now it is reported that cultured hippocampal …

Recent studies report benefits from corticosteroid treatment in patients with septic shock.
This review summarizes the physiology of the corticosteroid response in acute illness. The …

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts inactive cortisone and
active cortisol. Although bidirectional, in vivo it is believed to function as a reductase …

Objective To update the 2008 consensus statements for the diagnosis and management of
critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in adult and pediatric patients. …

Hypocalcaemia is a potentially life threatening biochemical abnormality that carries risks for
serious errors in diagnosis and treatment. Hypocalcaemia presents in primary and …

Rationale Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated as a pathogenic factor in sepsis and
intensive therapy unit mortality but has not been assessed as a risk factor for acute respiratory …

Tissue damage by proinflammatory cytokines is attenuated at both systemic and cellular
levels by counter anti‐inflammatory factors such as corticosteroids. Target cell responses to …

Context: 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) enzymes are now appreciated to
be important regulators of hormone action at a tissue level. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed …

Glucocorticoids are widely used for their unsurpassed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory
effects. However, the therapeutic use of glucocorticoids is almost always limited by …

Objective To provide a narrative review of the latest concepts and understanding of the
pathophysiology of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI). Participants A …