The anecdotal reports of promising results seen with immunotherapy and radiation in
advanced malignancies have prompted several trials combining immunotherapy and radiation. …

Purpose: Antibodies specific for inhibitory checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4 have shown
impressive results against solid tumors. This has fueled interest in novel immunotherapy …

Cytotoxic therapies prime adaptive immune responses to cancer by stimulating the release
of tumor-associated antigens. However, the tumor microenvironment into which these …

Acquisition of full T-cell effector function and memory differentiation requires appropriate
costimulatory signals, including ligation of the costimulatory molecule OX40 (TNFRSF4, CD134)…

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a multipotent immunosuppressive cytokine. TGFβ
excludes immune cells from tumors, and TGFβ inhibition improves the efficacy of cytotoxic …

The existence of tumor-specific T cells, as well as their ability to be primed in cancer patients,
confirms that the immune response can be deployed to combat cancer. However, there are …

The tumor recurrence from residual local or micrometastatic disease remains a problem in
cancer therapy. In patients with soft tissue sarcoma and the patients with inoperable nonsmall …

Immunotherapy is reshaping cancer treatment paradigms; however, response rates to immune
therapies are low and depend on the host's pre-existing antitumor immunity. The tumor …

Expression of viral fusogenic membrane glycoproteins (FMGs) is a potent strategy for antitumor
cytotoxic gene therapy in which tumor cells are fused into large multinucleated syncytia. …

Background TGF-β is an immunosuppressive cytokine that is upregulated in colorectal
cancer. TGF-β blockade improved response to chemoradiotherapy in preclinical models of …