Epidemiological studies have shown that cardiovascular diseases are associated with
characteristics and conditions that increase the risk of adverse events. Some of these risk …

20-22 Queensberry Place, London SW7 2DZ, UK Website: www. socpharmed. org Editor:
Martin W. Lunnon of a so-called true endpoint. The ideal surrogate should be easy to …

Our goals in medicine are (i) to improve the quality of patients' lives,(ii) help them to live
longer, and (iii) to do so at a reasonable cost. These are our true endpoints: health status …

THE USE OF SURROGATE END POINTS AS A BASIS FOR REACH-ing conclusions about
the benefit of therapy has been met with both rising enthusiasm, reflected in recent changes …

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is currently the primary established therapeutic
target for cardiovascular disease (Table 1). 1 However, research indicates that other …

DATA ON SURROGATE END POINTS SUCH AS BLOOD pressure or body weight have
often been used to support the approval of new pharmacologic treatments for cardiovascular …

Monitoring entails periodic measurement to guide management1 and is widely practised in
clinical medicine to inform decisions throughout the course of a disease and to provide …

The approval of new drugs is a slow and laborious proposition while diseases often
progress rapidly. While it is best to see studies using natural history outcome this is often …

Evidence for the effectiveness of interventions should ideally come from randomised
controlled trials (RCTs) that assess a participant relevant final outcome, such as all-cause …

Surrogate outcomes are frequently used in cardiovascular disease research. A concern is
that changes in surrogate markers may not reflect changes in disease outcomes. Two recent …